From Isolation to Extremism: Tackling lone wolf terrorism in Malaysia

IN an age where global terror networks dominate the headlines, it would be easy to overlook the quieter, insidious threat posed by lone wolf terrorists. These individuals, acting independently of formal groups, present a unique challenge to law enforcement and counter-terrorism strategies.

However, understanding and countering this threat must begin with a crucial realisation: the origins of lone wolf terrorism are deeply rooted in societal dynamics.

Despite their solitary actions, lone wolf terrorists do not evolve in a vacuum.

They are products of their environments—shaped by the societies they live in. These individuals often harbor feelings of isolation, resentment, or disenfranchisement, finding solace and justification in radical ideologies encountered online or within their communities.

Even when attacks appear to have been committed by a single person, it takes a network of people, sometimes including family members, to spread dangerous ideas.

Lone wolves often exhibit warning signs long before they act.

These signs might include social isolation, extremist views, or behavioural changes that reflect a growing fascination with violence. These people are looking for people and ideas that could justify their thoughts or behaviour.

Without the societal framework to identify and address these warning signs, lone wolves can slip through the cracks. Understanding this, it becomes evident that counter-terrorism efforts should extend beyond policing and intelligence work to address the underlying social issues that contribute to radicalisation.

In multiracial Malaysia, extremism poses a significant threat to its harmony and societal fabric. The rise of extremist ideologies could unravel decades of attempts at social cohesion amid turbulent times of political demagoguery.

It has even attracted the government’s attention that the Minister in the Prime Minister’s Department (Religious Affairs), Datuk Mohd Na’im Mokhtar, had to condemn such ideology–including takfiri, where one easily accuses another of apostasy. Malaysia needs to be further educated that differences of opinion and political ideology is not cause for harmful attacks on people or infrastructure.

Unfortunately, extremist content preaching radical interpretations of Islam has been spread through social media and even underground networks, targeting young Muslims and others vulnerable to radicalisation. These ideas spilled over to physical violence, including attacks or planned attacks over the years on entertainment venues, places of worship of other religions, and even convenience stores.

Most recently of course was the fatal attack at a police station with the uniformed body representing the authority. These actions are driven by a belief in the legitimacy of violence against those deemed enemies of Islam.

The dangers of adopting or sympathising with such an extremist stance are manifold. At its core, this ideology promotes division, hatred, and violence, directly contradicting the principles of understanding, tolerance, and unity that Malaysia has worked tirelessly to foster, and that Islam teaches its adherents.

The first line of defense against lone wolf terrorism is community vigilance. Families, friends, educators, and local leaders must be aware of the signs of radicalisation and take proactive steps to intervene. This requires training and resources to help communities recognise early warning signs and provide support to those at risk of radicalisation.

Educational programs that promote critical thinking and digital literacy can empower individuals to question extremist narratives encountered online. It is especially important to start such an education at an earlier age instead of waiting for tertiary education.

Additionally, creating open forums for discussion around contentious issues can reduce feelings of isolation and resentment, fostering a sense of belonging and community resilience.

Governments and policymakers also have a role to play.

Policies that promote social cohesion, economic opportunity, and political inclusivity can mitigate the factors that contribute to radicalisation. This includes investing in marginalised communities, creating economic opportunities, and ensuring that all citizens feel represented and heard. Most are looking for a dignified life and when that is not possible, the belief of a better hereafter becomes more pronounced.

Moreover, mental health services must be accessible and destigmatised. Many lone wolves suffer from untreated mental health issues; providing support and intervention can prevent radicalisation before it takes hold.

Countering lone wolf terrorism is a collective responsibility.

It is not solely the realm of law enforcement or counter-terrorism agencies; it requires a whole-of-society approach. By fostering inclusive, supportive, and vigilant communities, we can address the root causes of radicalisation and create an environment where individuals are less likely to turn to violence.

In fact, the term lone wolf might even be a misnomer.

While they may act independently, there is no doubt that radicalisation is often a reflection of broader network and societal issues. To effectively counter this threat, we must tackle these issues head-on, creating a society that is resilient against the forces of extremism.

The fight against terrorism starts not with isolated individuals, but with the communities and societies in which they live, including the political class.

Syaza Shukri, PhD, is an associate professor and the current Head at the Department of Political Science, IIUM. The views expressed in this article are the author's own and do not necessarily reflect those of Sinar Daily.